JCH 147 – ES. MED – Bayelsa State College of Health Technology

35. In ABC value analysis of drugs a. The therapeutic value and cost of the drugs are considered b. The relatively small number of items which accounts for the majority of funds spent are considered c. All of the above d. None of the above

a. The therapeutic value and cost of the drugs are considered

b. The relatively small number of items which accounts for the majority of funds spent are considered

c. All of the above

d. None of the above

49. The housing of the drugs in a safe place to safeguard the quality and potency of the drug pending dispensing or distribution to users is referred to as

a. Drug manufacturing

b. Drug storage

c. Drug inventory

d. Drug pharmacovigilance

25. The Essential Drugs Program of the Federal Republic of Nigeria was launched in the year

a. 1988

b. 1998

c. 1999

d. 1989

The main objectives of the NNDP were geared towards the following

a) make available at all times to the Nigerian population appropriate quantities of medications that are effective, inexpensive, safe, and of high quality

b) to guarantee the judicious use of such drugs;

c) and to encourage an increase in the local manufacture of vital drugs.

d) all of the above

27. Prior to the consideration of the essential drugs program as part of the national drug policy, the nation's drug supply system was plagued by a variety of issues, which include but not limited to

a. Inadequate funding of health care

b. Insufficient baseline data to for equitable allocation of the few funds available.

c. Inappropriate health care priorities

d. All of the above

45. In the Open-tenders system of essential drug purchasing

a. Invitation for bids is given the widest publicity using, in most cases, the print and electronic media.

b. There is competition among prospective suppliers

c. Low prices of drugs are achieved as the suppliers try to outdo one another.

d. All of the above

54. While taking Stock of drugs, the following is not done

a. Each month, the information on the bin card is not matched with what is actually on ground

b. Quantity of the preparations on the shoves, in case of discrepancies are detected, the quantity in the bin card is adjusted to reflect the actual balance. Investigation then follows while the ledger is also updated.

c. The expiry dates of the drugs. Items that will expire or were manufactured first are put in front of the shelf to be used first, in line with FIFO principle. FEFO means first in, First out.

d. The condition of the containers to see if the seals or any part of the container has been broken or tampered with.

1. Drugs are generally defined as

any substance or mixture of substances manufactured, sold, or advertised for use in the diagnosis, treatment, mitigation, or prevention of any disease disorder, abnormal physical state,or the symptoms thereof,in man or in animals; restoring,correcting,or modifying organic functions in man or in animals; disinfection, or the control of vermin or pests; or contraception

b. as any man-made, natural, or endogenous (from within the body) molecule that exerts a biochemical or physiological effect on the cell, tissue, organ, or organism

c. option (a) and (b) only

d. none of the above options

48. To order essential drugs, one of the following is not applicable

a. Price and select previously discussed

b. Cost and compute total cost of order

c. Forward payment with requisition

d. Determine ordering interval

31. Steps in drug management may include the following

a. Selection of drugs that are essential

b. Quantifying selected essential drugs

c. Costing the selected and quantified essential drugs

d. All of the above

33. Some criteria for selection of essential drugs at the national level are as follows

a. The drug should meet the health care needs of the majority of the people

b. The dug must be efficacious

c. The drug should be in dosage forms, acceptable to the people and should have a reliable shelf life

d. All of the above

13. Examples of drugs from animal origin do not include

a. Insulin, heparin,

b. antibiotics

c. adrenaline, thyroxin

d. cod liver oil, musk

24. The Elements of Primary Medical Care include the following

a. Universal coverage

b. People-centeredness

c. Inclusive leadership and Health in all policies

d. All of the above

68. Rational drug use means the following

a) the use of the appropriate pharmaceuticals for the appropriate indications,

b) in the appropriate dose and dosage form for the appropriate period.

c) Option a, an b

d) option a only

32. The choice of any selecting any preparation for a medical use is based on its

a. Efficacy and safety,

b. Cost and route of administration

c. the health needs of the society amongst others

d. all of the above

51. When drugs deteriorate, the following physical observations are made

a. there may be change in color,

b. change in consistency

c. change in odor

d. all of the above

When two or more drugs are therapeutically equivalent or several drugs are available for the same indication, preference for selection shall be given to products with the:

a) most scientific research and clinical data

b) most favourable pharmacokinetic properties

) best cost advantage patient compliance

d) all of the above

53. Method of drug storage do not nclude

a. Arranging drugs according to their pharmacological actions.

b. Arranging the drugs according to their preparation (types)

c. Arranging the drugs according to alphabetical order using their generic names

d. All of the above

40. In the morbidity/Standard Treatment Method of drug quantification

a. adequate statistics on health services utilization are used

b. the number of people treated for various diseases over a given period of time in the facility are considered

c. The quantity of drugs to treat an illness are known either from standing orders or worked out

d. All of the above

In the process of Inhalation of drugs

a. The drugs in form of vapors are inhaled

b. The drugs are expected to dissolve in blood vessels of the lungs

c. This route provides a rapid delivery of drug across the large surface area of the mucous membrane of the Respiratory tract and that can be dispersed in an aerosol

d. All of the above

69. As Standard Treatment Method is to standing orders, so likewise a) Consumption Methods are to pharmacy records. b) Population base Method to surveys c) Primary suppliers to drug manufacturers d) All above is correct

a) Consumption Methods are to pharmacy records.

b) Population base Method to surveys

c) Primary suppliers to drug manufacturers

d) All above is correct

11. The national nonproprietary names are

a. Usually the same as the INN

b. The generic names usually indicate via their stems what drug class the drug belongs to

c. Usually the same as the non-proprietary name

All of the above

. One of the following is not correct about semi-synthetic Sources

a) they are either completely natural nor completely synthetic

b) they are a hybrid and are generally made by chemically modifying substances that are available from natural source to improve its potency, efficacy and/or reduce side effects.

c) this is used to prepare drugs when the natural sources may yield impure compounds or when the synthesis of drugs (complex molecules) may be difficult, expensive, and commercially unviable.

) In it, the nucleus of drug obtained from natural source is kept intact but the chemical structure is altered.

Provision of more focused care to patients

Increased patient satisfaction and compliance

Increased revenue better health outcomes.

Treatment initiation at the point of care

Examples of mineral sources of drugs and their usage do not include a) Ferrous sulfate in iron deficiency anemia b) Magnesium sulfate as purgative c) Zinc oxide ointment as skin protectant, in wounds/eczema; d) None of the above

a) Ferrous sulfate in iron deficiency anemia

b) Magnesium sulfate as purgative

c) Zinc oxide ointment as skin protectant, in wounds/eczema;

d) None of the above

28. Some Benefits of the Essential Drugs Program were

a. Limiting the number of pharmaceuticals utilized in the health care system

b. Enhancing prescribers' understanding of the pharmacological features of the given medications

c. Enhancing medication utilization throughout the many sectors of the health care system

d. All of the above

44. The following are correct about suppliers of essential drugs

a. Primary suppliers; These are the manufacturers themselves

b. Secondary suppliers; These are groups that procure directly from the manufacturers and supply to others.

c. Tertiary suppliers; These are procurement agents commissioned by essential drugs programs to procure drugs and medical supplies on their behalf.

d. All of the above

8. Chemical names of drugs are

a. the scientific names for medicines, depending on its molecular structure

b. The most significant scheme for naming of chemical names of drugs is the IUPAC name

c. chemical names are too lengthy and complex to be used in speech or written documents to refer to a medicine

d. All of the above

23. The Alma Ata international conference definition of Primary health care is the

a. essential health care based on practical, scientifically sound, and socially acceptable methods and technology made universally accessible to individuals and families in the community through their full participation and at a cost that the community and the country can afford to maintain at every stage of their development in the spirit of self-determination

b. essential health care based on practical, scientifically sound, and socially acceptable methods and technology made locally accessible to individuals and families in the community through their full participation and at a cost that the community and the country can afford to maintain at every stage of their development in the spirit of self-determination

c. essential health care based on practical, scientifically sound, and socially acceptable methods and technology made universally accessible to individuals and families in the community through their partial participation and at a cost that the community and the country can afford to maintain at every stage of their development in the spirit of self-determination

d. essential health care based on practical, scientifically sound, and socially acceptable methods and technology made universally inaccessible to individuals and families in the community through their full participation and at a cost that the community and the country can afford to maintain at every stage of their development in the spirit of self-determination

39. Methods of Quantification of essential drugs include the following

a. Morbidity / Standard treatment method

b. Consumption patterns

c. Epidemiology / Population base

d. All of the above

21. In the process of Intranasal administration of drugs

a. Drugs are administered directly into nasal surface in form of spray for a local/effect

b. Drugs are administered directly into nasal surface in form of spray for /system effect

c. Drugs are sniffed

d. All of the above

52. For an effective drug storage

a. vaccines must be stored under low temperatures for them to remain potent

b. drugs should not be stored on the floor.

c. Drugs are best stored on shelves, in cupboards and refrigerators as appropriate

d. All of the above

64. The Nigerian primary healthcare program is divided into the following subcategories

) Health centres, health home and health post

) Health centres, health clinics and health post

) Health maternities, health clinics and health post

d) Health centres, health clinics and health post

46. In the Closed-tenders system of essential drugs purchasing

a. Participation is restricted to those who satisfy certain predetermined criteria.

b. Companies that have registered with the purchasers,

c. Companies that have history of satisfactory performance and the availability of the suppliers at short notice.

d. All of the above

15. The route of drug administration is essentially governed by

a. the drug's characteristics

b. the therapeutic aims

c. option (a) only

d. option (a) and (b)

7. The World Health Organization (WHO) defines Pharmacovigilance (PV) as

a. The science and actions related to the detection, evaluation, understanding, and prevention of adverse effects, including long-term and short-term side effects of medications.

b. The science of investigating, information from healthcare practitioners and patients regarding the adverse effects of pharmaceuticals, biological products, and traditional therapies

c. It is not a sort of continuous monitoring of adverse effects and other safety-related characteristics of pharmaceuticals that have previously been introduced to markets that are rapidly integrating.

d. All of the above

6. One of the following is not correct about Drug Mechanisms of Action

a. At the receptor site, medications function via a lock-and-key mechanism, producing by-products that are generally favourable but occasionally unwanted, causing side effects such as nausea.

b. Antacids, such as magnesium trisilicate, function by neutralising excess acids in the gastrointestinal tract. Activated charcoal binds toxins, which are then vomited up by the patient.

c. Some medications, such as atropine, function by suppressing particular biological systems or mechanisms anti-infectious agents

d. None of the above

12. Crude drug are

a. plant extracts for medicinal use after further processing e.g., ground leaves or bark, boiled concoctions or powdered sap

b. plant extracts for medicinal use without further processing e.g., ground leaves or bark, boiled concoctions or powdered sap

c. plant extracts for medicinal use without further packaging

d. finished plant extracts for medicinal used. finished plant extracts for medicinal use

5. The following(s) is/are correct about pharmacodynamics

a. pharmacodynamics examines the effects of a drug on biological systems.

b. Pharmacodynamics is the study of chemical interactions with biological receptors

c. Pharmacodynamics is the study of how medications affect the body.

d. All of the above

50. Drug storage aims at ensuring that

a. the quality and potency of the preparations are maintained for as long as is practicable.

b. the drugs are shielded from theft

c. all of the above

d. some of the above

14. Which of the following sources of drugs from microbial origins is not correct

a. Penicillin is created by Penicillium chrysogenum,

b. streptomycin is made by Streptomyces griseus

c. chloramphenicol is produced by Streptomyces venezuelae,

d. none of the above

29. Primary Health Care is classified as

a. Levels A and B

b. Levels C and B

c. Levels A and C

d. Levels A, B and C

9. 2-acetoxybenzoic acid

a. acetylsalicylic acid

b. paracetamol

c. ibuprofen

d. loratadine

22. One of the following about some routes of drug administration is not correct

a. In Intraventricular route, drugs are introduced directly into the cerebrospinal fluid

b. In topical route, the drug is administered locally on the skin to produce local effect

c. In transdermal route, the drug is administered on the skin to produce systemic effect

d. None of the above

18. What is the difference between aqueous and depot drug formulations?

a. Drugs in aqueous solution are rapidly absorbed, whereas depot formulations are slowly absorbed

b. Drugs in aqueous solution are slowly absorbed, whereas depot formulations are rapidly absorbedc. Drugs in aqueous solution are rapidly transmitted, whereas depot formulations are slowly absorbed

d. Drugs in aqueous solution are rapidly distributed, whereas depot formulations are slowly transmitted

63. Tick the wrong in the followings. As N-acetyl-p-aminophenol is to paractemol, so as

a) ibuprofen is to Motrin

b) loratadine is to Claritin

c) acetylsalicylic acid is to Aspirin

d) atorvastatin calcium is to Painkill

Examples of drugs derived from animal’s body secretions, fluid or glands do not include

a) Insulin, heparin, adrenaline, thyroxin

b) cod liver oil, musk, beeswax,

c) enzymes, and antitoxins

d) sulphonamides

10. N-acetyl-p-aminophenol

a. acetylsalicylic acid

b. paracetamol

c. ibuprofen

azithromycin

2. Essential drugs as those drugs that

a. Meet the primary health care needs of the population

b. The drugs to which individuals should always have access in enough quantities

c. The drugs to which pricing should be accessible to the majority of consumers

d. All of the above options

21. The Essential Drugs Program of the Federal Republic of Nigeria acquired a legal status in the year

a. 1988

b. 1998

c. 1999

d. 1989

42. In the ABC value analysis, the following(s) is/are not correct

a. A = Drugs accounting for high % of cost.

b. B = Drugs accounting for medium % of cost.

c. C = Drugs accounting for low % of cost.

d. D= Drugs accounting for lowest % of cost.

34. Some criteria for selection of essential drugs at the facility level are as follows

a. Availability of experienced personnel in charge

b. Prevailing ailments

c. The Type of health facility

d. All of the above

70. As NGOs, Donors, are to free of charge mechanism of drug financing, so as

a) Bamako Initiative is to payment of flat-rate fees

b) health insurance is to Prepayment

c) all of the above is correct

d) option (a) is correct

41. In using the Consumption Method of drug quantification

a. the information on the quantity of drugs previously used over time are used in determining future needs

b. Data in the pharmacy unit are used

c. Not true for all the options given above

d. All options given above are true

17. One of the following about Intra Muscular Route is not correct

a. It is referred to as drug administration through the muscle,

b. Drugs delivered via this route might be purchased as solutions

c. Drugs delivered via this route might be purchased as specialist depot preparations

d. None of the above

38. Quantification of selected essential drugs can be defined as

a. the process for determining the quality of drugs given for a certified health problem that is expected to prevent or cure the health problem

b. the process for determining the quality of drugs given for a certified health problem that is expected to prevent or cure the health problem

c. the process for determining the cost of drugs given for a certified health problem that is expected to prevent or cure the health problem

d. the process for determining the price of drugs given for a certified health problem that is expected to prevent or cure the health problem

62. The acronym ‘API’ stands for the following

a) Advanced pharmaceutical ingredient

b) Active pharmaceutical ingredient

c) Active pharmacological ingredient

d) Active pharmaceutical agent

The following methods are not allowed in purchasing essential drugs a) Tender systems b) Negotiated procurement c) Direct purchase d) None of the above

a) Tender systems

b) Negotiated procurement

c) Direct purchase

d) None of the above

One of the following is not correct about synthetic drugs

a) A synthetic drug is produced using chemical synthesis, which rearranges chemical derivatives to form a new compound.

b) The synthetic sources of drugs evolved with human skills in the laboratory and advanced knowledge and understanding of phytochemical investigation.

c) Synthetically manufactured drugs generally have higher yields that are significantly associated with quality, purity and low cost.

d) Synthetically manufactured drugs generally have higher yields that are significantly associated with quality, purity and low cost.

3. Pharmacology is the branch of medicine and pharmaceutical sciences

a. That is concerned with the study of drug or medication action

b. The study of the interactions between a live organism and substances that influence normal or aberrant biochemical activity

c. That is concerned with the study of drug or medication modeling and production

d. Option (a) and (b) only

19. The mode of drug administration where pharmacological compounds are injected

a. Intravenous means of drug administration

b. Intramuscular means of drug administration

c. Subcutaneous means of drug administration

d. Intrathecal form of drug administration

30. Drug management is

a. the efficient use of drugs that are safe, effective, and affordable and which satisfy the health care needs of the majority and cover prevalent diseases and conditions of the people

b. the process of selection, procurement, storage, distribution and use of drugs in such a manner that will avoid drug wastage

c. option (a) and (b)

d. none of the above

47. The drug purchasing method where the buyer approaches few potential suppliers and negotiates favorable prices and conditions with them is called

a. Negotiated procurement

b. Direct purchase

c. Donations

d. Closed tender system

43. In the VEN system, the following(s) is/are not correct

a. V= Vital, lifesaving in PHC, 5% of population, proven efficacy.

b. E= Essential, treat significant problems, 1 – 5% of population, proven efficacy

c. N= Non-Essential, marginal therapeutic advantage, self-limiting conditions + or – proven efficacy.

d. None of the above

16. The following is/are correct about intravenous route of drug administration

a. medications are directly injected into the circulatory system through the vein

b. medications are directly ingested into the circulatory system through the vein

c. medications are directly injected into the circulatory system through the muscle

d. medications are directly infected into the circulatory system through the vein

36. The VEN system

a. Drugs are categorized according to their potential health impact

b. Dugs are categorized as Vital, Essential and Non-Essential

c. All of the above

d. None of the above

37. The condition required to use VEN are

a. During temporary severe restriction of funds

b. To set safety stocks

c. To establish prices in drug sales program

d. All of the above

65. After more than a decade of implementation and adoption, some identifiable progresses made in the NNDP are the following

a) provision of Essential Drugs List (EDL)

b) provision of National Drug Formulary (NDF),

c) the formation of a statutory body with responsibility for drug administration and regulation,

d) all of the above.

4. The following(s) is/are correct about pharmacokinetics

a. Pharmacokinetics examines the impacts of biological systems on a drug, whereas

b. Pharmacokinetics is the study of the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) of substances from biological systems

c. All of the above

d. None of the above

In a prepacked product, the following information must not be included

Proprietary pharmaceutical name

Medication strength (e.g., dose in metric units)

Dosage form (e.g. tablet)

The expiration or beyond-use date 57. Some advantages Of Prepackaged Medicine